Approximate Query Processing appears to be a major feature of Oracle Database 12c Release 2 SQL. In 12cR1 patchset 2 (12.1.0.2), we saw one approximate query function appear – APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT to use instead of COUNT(DISTINCT). In 12.2 there are several APPROX functions introduced:
APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_DETAILAPPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT_AGGTO_APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCTAPPROX_MEDIANAPPROX_PERCENTILEAPPROX_PERCENTILE_DETAILAPPROX_PERCENTILE_AGGTO_APPROX_PERCENTILE
According to Oracle documentation, “Approximate query processing is primarily used in data discovery applications to return quick answers to explorative queries. Users typically want to locate interesting data points within large amounts of data and then drill down to uncover further levels of detail. For explorative queries, quick responses are more important than exact values.”
The interesting part is that you can utilize the Approximate functions without changing code. There are three initialization parameters introduced to control which functions should be treated as an approximate function during run time… cool!
The initialization parameters are:
approx_for_aggregationapprox_for_count_distinctapprox_for_percentile
To replace only the COUNT(DISTINCT) function in queries with the APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT function, set the approx_for_count_distinct initialization parameter to TRUE for the current session or for the entire database.
To replace percentile functions with the corresponding functions that return approximate results, set approx_for_percentile to PERCENTILE_CONT, PERCENTILE_DISC, or ALL (replaces all percentile functions) for the current session or for the entire database.
To run all queries using the corresponding SQL functions that return approximate results instead of the specified SQL functions, set the approx_for_aggregation initialization parameter to TRUE for the current session or for the entire database.
Read more… Oracle Documentation